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<h1>Vsts branching strategy</h1>
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<h1>DevOps Code ? Branching</h1>
<h3>Gerelateerde artikelen</h3>
<h2>Branching Introduction</h2>
<p>One of the basic choices of programming is branching. This article describes the basics of branching in a DevOps context.</p>
<h2>Branching Definitions</h2>
<h3>Branching</h3>
<p>Branching is a technique that makes a copy of the source code to create two versions that are developed separately. After these branches have been altered by the developers, they are reassembled by a merge. There are various forms of branching. Therefore, a DevOps team must make a choice. This choice is also called the branching strategy.</p>
<h3>Branch by abstraction</h3>
<p>Regularly, the old software does not meet the requirements to maintain it with the deployment pipeline. The software is not modular and must be promoted as a monolith (as a whole). The branch abstraction approach gives the possibility of recognizing larger units of software in the monolith. By isolating these units and defining a strong interface, it is possible to freeze these units and rewrite them completely (refactoring). If the new software has been tested, it can be merged with the trunk.</p>
<h3>Merge</h3>
<p>To merge is the opposite of branching. This involves combining two versions of the same S-CI where the conflicts are being looked up and eliminated.</p>
<h3>Release Branch</h3>
<p>A release branch is a special variant of a branch. This is a copy of the most recent baseline (trunk) that is going through the deployment pipeline while developments on the trunk continue. In case of a bug, the release branch may not be adjusted. The bugs must be adjusted in the trunk. If desirable, the release branch can be updated with a patch release. However, only one version of the S-CI will be updated.</p>
<h3>Feature Branch</h3>
<p>A feature branch approach means that every story or feature is developed on a separate branch. Only after a story is accepted by testers, it is merged to the trunk so as to ensure that the trunk is always releasable.</p>
<h3>Software Configuration Item (S-CI)</h3>
<p>A S-CI is the description of an object that is managed by the DevOps development process. An S-CI assigns various attributes to describe the object or components. An S-CI may include the meta data of a third or fourth generation language, an SQL script, a database scheme or any other object that is required to bring an application to.</p>
<h2>Branching Concepts</h2>
<h3>Branching strategy</h3>
<p>A branching strategy is to consider the alternatives strategies for branching the source code.</p>
<h3>Forward releasing</h3>
<p>Forward Releasing is a concept that does not create any branches (Release Branchs only) in the entire DTAP environment, and no older versions can be restored. If there has been a bug in the T-A-P environment then the correction must be generated by the deployment pipeline.</p>
<p>Lean principles are derived from the Japanese manufacturing industry. The term was first coined by John Krafcik in his 1988 article, ?Triumph of the Lean Production System. For many, lean is the set of ?tools? that assist in the identification and steady elimination of waste. As waste is eliminated quality improves while production time and cost are reduced.</p>
<p>A non exhaustive list of such tools would include: SMED, value stream mapping, Five S, Kanban (pull systems), poka-yoke (error-proofing), total productive maintenance, elimi-nation of time batching, mixed model processing, rank order clustering, single point scheduling, redesigning working cells, multi-process handling and control charts (for checking mura). [WIKI]</p>
<h2>Branching Best Practices</h2>
<p>The potential issue with branching the source code is that the two versions of one S-CI are not easy to merge. This risk increases as time goes by. Nowadays there are tools that can perform the merge very intelligently, by looking closely at what adjustments are not conflicting with each other. But these tools cannot handle the semantical changes like renaming functions. If a feature branch has a short lifecycle, it is often not so much a problem to perform a branch and merge. But in essence it?s waste. It is an activity that requires time and is error-prone.</p>
<p>If no branch has been created, no merge is required and there are no version management issues that may occur.</p>
<h3>Does branching fit with DevOps?</h3>
<p>There are arguments why branching does not fit DevOps:</p>
<p><ol>
<li>It is not lean because there is waste. The branch causes an additional task, namely the merge. Finding conflicts in itself is also waste.</li>
<li>It is not in accordance with the continuous integration principle. Code must be merged with the trunk frequently. The code must be in constant executable status.</li>
<li>Code is no longer a collective property in the sense that it is partially frozen</li>
<li>Refactoring is hampered because there are branches.</li>
<li>The merge conflicts cannot always be resolved through an automatic merge tool, for example a semantical conflict (rename of an object).</li>
</ol>
</p>
<h3>Incidents</h3>
<p>The penalty of not branching is, however, that in case of an incident in the production environment there is no quick solution. The fastest solution is the speed of the deployment pipeline. This can be mitigated by performing a patch on all DTAP environments and showing regression tests that this patch is valid. In essence, the deployment pipeline is stopped. In the organisations where this is allowed, a senior manager?s signature must often be provided to limit the frequency of these deployment pipeline shutdowns.</p>
<h3>Forward releases</h3>
<p>The idea for forward releases is that any S-CI rolled out in an environment and whose rollout has not gone wrong will no longer be restored. The reason is that more DevOps teams work with the same deployment pipeline. As soon as an already rolled S-CI is reset, all other S-CIs that depend on this must also be reset. This while the disturbance may be marginal and the rest of the test cases just go well. Therefore, one has to wait for a patch of a defect that uses the normal deployment pipeline. Forward releases prevents branching.</p>
<h3>Branche strategy</h3>
<p>Each DevOps team has its own maturity and each application has its own characteristics. Thus, an branch strategy must be chosen. An ideal branch strategy is not to use any branching and to perform quick repair operations with the rapid deployment pipeline. If the DevOps maturity is not that high, then another strategy like release branching or feature branching can be chosen for the time being.</p>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>DevOps embraces the Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery as well as the Lean Approach. This means that branches are against the nature of DevOps. The best way to work is without branches and with a solid CD based on a sound CI and highly automatic deployment pipeline.</p>
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<h2>Vsts branching strategy</h2>

<h3>Vsts branching strategy</h3>
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<h4>Vsts branching strategy</h4>
Branching is a technique that makes a copy of the source code to create two versions that are developed separately. Read about branching in DevOps.
<h5>Vsts branching strategy</h5>
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